Fadhilah, Said Ahmad (2025) Optimasi Proses Esterifikasi Crude Palm Oil (CPO) dengan Katalis Zeolit Alam Menggunakan Metode Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Undergraduate thesis, UPN Veteran Jawa Timur.
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Abstract
Indonesia has potential for biodiesel production because it is the second-largest CPO producer in the world. CPO has varying FFA levels. If CPO is used as a feedstock for biodiesel production, the FFA content must be reduced to less than 3%. This reduction can be achieved through an esterification process. This reaction can be accelerated by the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst in the form of natural zeolite. However, this natural zeolite must first be activated before it can be used as a catalyst. Optimal conditions for the independent variables can be determined through optimization using RSM. The process involved in this study, namely the activation of natural zeolite, was carried out by mixing natural zeolite with a 0.4 M NaOH solution. The mixture was carried out between activated natural zeolite at variable concentrations of 3% (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mesh), CPO, and methanol (the CPO:methanol molar ratio was 1:6). The esterification time was adjusted to 90, 110, 130, 150, and 170 minutes. The esterification product was centrifuged to separate the catalyst and the filtrate (ester). This ester was analyzed using a titration method to determine its FFA content. The resulting FFA content was optimized using RSM. The optimal results were used as samples for GC, MS, and SEM testing. Optimization of 25 FFA content data sets yielded optimal conditions of 170 minutes esterification time and a 100-mesh natural zeolite catalyst size, with an FFA response of 4.741%. Optimization of 13 FFA content data sets yielded optimal conditions of 97.3909 mesh natural zeolite size and a 170-minute esterification time, with an FFA response of 4.989%. Then, GC-MS results showed that the sample contained a dominant compound in the form of an ester (Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) in peak 6. Furthermore, the sample also contained free fatty acids (nonahexacontanoic acid) with an area percentage of 1.32% in peak 8. SEM results also showed that the pore size of the natural zeolite before activation was 0.2341–0.3143 μm, increasing to approximately 0.6322–4.4493 μm after activation.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Undergraduate) | ||||||||
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| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP155 Chemical engineering | ||||||||
| Divisions: | Faculty of Engineering > Departement of Chemical Engineering | ||||||||
| Depositing User: | Said Ahmad Fadhilah | ||||||||
| Date Deposited: | 12 May 2026 04:35 | ||||||||
| Last Modified: | 20 May 2026 03:33 | ||||||||
| URI: | https://repository.upnjatim.ac.id/id/eprint/49981 |
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