DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN MULTIFUNCTIONAL EDUCATIONAL MOBILE ROBOT FOR STEM LEARNING BASED ON VISUAL PROGRAMMING USING ESP32

Fadhlulloh, Mochamad Farid (2026) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN MULTIFUNCTIONAL EDUCATIONAL MOBILE ROBOT FOR STEM LEARNING BASED ON VISUAL PROGRAMMING USING ESP32. Undergraduate thesis, UPN Veteran Jawa Timur.

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Abstract

STEM-based learning (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) requires interactive and applicable media to enhance 21st-century skills such as critical thinking, creativity, and problem solving. However, currently available STEM learning media are still lacking in interactivity, the price of commercial robotics platforms is relatively expensive, and the use of text-based programming languages poses a barrier for students who do not yet have a programming background. This research aims to design and build a multifunctional educational mobile robot based on the ESP32 microcontroller by applying the Finite State Machine (FSM) method as a decision-making mechanism for each operating mode, as well as implementing Scratch/PictoBlox-based visual programming. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D) with the Prototyping Model as the product development framework and the V-Model as the system verification and validation framework. A Moore Machine type FSM was applied to model the robot's behavior across three operating modes, namely line follower (4 states), obstacle avoidance (4 states), and smartphone control (9 states). The test results show that the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor has an average error of 1.48%, the TCRT5000 line sensor achieves a detection success rate of 96.7%, and Bluetooth communication remains stable up to a distance of 8 meters. The line follower and obstacle avoidance modes each achieved a 90% success rate with 90% FSM conformity, while the smartphone control mode achieved 100% with a response time under 100 ms. The application of FSM successfully modeled the robot's behavior in a structured, deterministic, and well-documented manner, and could be translated directly into PictoBlox visual programming blocks. Thus, this robot is effective as an interactive, flexible STEM learning medium that is easy to use across various levels of education.

Item Type:

Thesis (Undergraduate)

Contributors: