Penggunaan Cryptocurrency Oleh Hamas Tahun 2019-2025: Analisis Pendanaan Terorisme di Era Digital

Maulana, Muchammad Abizzar (2026) Penggunaan Cryptocurrency Oleh Hamas Tahun 2019-2025: Analisis Pendanaan Terorisme di Era Digital. Undergraduate thesis, UPN Veteran Jawa Timur.

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Abstract

In 2019, Hamas, which is categorized as a terrorist group by Israel and several other countries, began adopting and using cryptocurrency as an alternative funding medium to avoid law enforcement counter-terrorism systems amid economic restrictions and scrutiny of its traditional funding activities. This research is important because the use of cryptocurrency as a funding medium has the potential to cause damage to global security and stability due to indications from experts that this funding is linked to several terrorist attacks that have occurred. Using a descriptive qualitative research method, the researcher attempts to analyze, present, and conclude the data using the framework of Modern Terrorism (Hoffman), the Concept of Terrorism Financing (ICCT), and the Mechanism of Money Laundering Through Cryptocurrency to explain how Hamas uses cryptocurrency as an alternative means of financing. The results of the study show that there are several main stages in Hamas' funding. The first stage is fundraising, which is done openly through websites, social media, and platforms, then shifts to a closed method by contacting the fundraising admin through private messages. Then, the next stage is the use and transfer, where the funds that have been collected are indicated to be used to support the needs of the organization and its operations, such as military-related needs that create conflict. There are two conflicts related to this funding, namely the May 2021 conflict and the October 2023 conflict. To use these funds, they must be transferred from the fundraising location to local fiat conversion locations such as hawala, exchanges, and Over The Counter (OTC) Brokers similar to the P2P system using a wallet rotation mechanism. Although this funding is linked to two acts of terrorism, there are limitations in the data to prove it. Law enforcement agencies only examine funding activity patterns, which can be understood as part of operational activities, not specifically tied to use in particular attacks. Before being used, funds are laundered through several mechanisms. The first is storage and management, where funds are held in cryptocurrency wallets both custodial and non-custodial according to their respective roles and functions. These wallets have operators to manage the funds collected. Simple mechanisms such as wallet rotation are relied upon by Hamas to obscure the trail and purpose of the funds in this financing, although more technical and difficult-to-track methods such as chain hopping and mixers are available. Referring to the Lazarus Group case study, which is a criminal actor, it is not impossible that chain hopping and mixers could be used by Hamas in the future, as it was detected using multi-chain in its funding in 2021. This utilization is a form of adaptation by Hamas to maintain its financial access amid sanctions and oversight from law enforcement agencies, indicating that Hamas is a terrorist organization that is aware and up-to-date with the latest technology in financial systems.

Item Type:

Thesis (Undergraduate)

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