@phdthesis{upnrepo55629,
            year = {2026},
          school = {UPN Veteran Jawa Timur},
           month = {July},
          author = {Farah Az Zahra Azra},
           title = {LEGAL PROTECTION FOR APP-BASED DIGITAL ECONOMY WORKERS UNDER AN OUTSOURCING SYSTEM (A CASE STUDY OF SHOPEE EXPRESS COURIERS WITH PARTNERSHIP STATUS)},
        abstract = {The development of an application-based digital economy has changed the pattern of employment relations, including courier work carried out through application systems and outsourcing arrangements. A legal issue arises when Shopee Express couriers are still placed under partnership status, while their work practice shows attachment to the company?s operational system. This study aims to analyze the legal relationship between Shopee Express couriers, labor service provider companies, and the Shopee Express application company within an outsourcing system, as well as to analyze the legal responsibilities of each party in providing legal protection for couriers. This research uses normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials are analyzed qualitatively to assess the relationship between partnership status, outsourcing, and labor law protection. The results show that the courier?s legal relationship cannot be determined solely by the label of partnership, but must be examined through the elements of work, wage or compensation, and command. Couriers who work through an application system, depend on work access, and are integrated into Shopee Express operations are more appropriately understood as application-based digital economy workers within an outsourcing system. The labor service provider company is directly responsible for legal certainty in employment relations, written agreements, wages, social security, occupational safety, and rights upon the termination of work relations. Shopee Express is responsible for ensuring that the outsourcing company fulfills courier protection and that the application system does not create legal uncertainty.},
             url = {https://repository.upnjatim.ac.id/55629/}
}