Dharmawan, Valda Ashila (2026) Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Katalis Zeolit Basa menggunakan Metode Hidrotermal untuk Transesterifikasi Biodiesel. Undergraduate thesis, UPN Veteran Jawa Timur.
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Abstract
Global energy crises and environmental degradation caused by greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels have accelerated the transition toward sustainable renewable energy. Biodiesel has demonstrated significant market growth, with a global market value reaching USD 42.43 billion in 2024 and projected to increase to USD 92.45 billion by 2034, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.10% (Research, 2024). Meanwhile, global biodiesel consumption reached 65.86 million metric tons in 2023, and production is projected to exceed 200 billion liters per year within this decade (Statista, 2024). In line with these global developments, the Indonesian Government has strengthened biodiesel adoption through a mandatory blending policy regulated by the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) Number 12 of 2015 concerning the Provision, Utilization, and Trading of Biofuels (Biofuel). This regulation requires biodiesel to be blended with diesel fuel and has been implemented at B30 since 2020, B35 since 2023, and directed toward B40 starting in 2025. This policy provides market certainty for the national biodiesel industry while simultaneously requiring improvements in the efficiency, sustainability, and technological competitiveness of biodiesel production. Biodiesel is predominantly produced through the transesterification reaction, which converts triglycerides from vegetable oils or animal fats into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with high efficiency (Mandari and Devarai, 2022). However, the use of homogeneous catalysts such as NaOH and KOH still presents significant challenges, particularly in product separation, high water consumption, and environmental impacts, thereby encouraging the development of more sustainable alternative catalysts. The main problems associated with homogeneous catalysts include difficulties in separating the catalyst from the products, soap formation that reduces biodiesel yield, high water consumption during the washing stage, and the inability to reuse the catalyst, which increases production costs and chemical waste (Mandari and Devarai, 2022; Kibar et al., 2023). Heterogeneous catalysts offer several advantages, including ease of separation, high reusability, tolerance toward free fatty acid (FFA) and water contents in the feedstock, and a significant reduction in the washing stage (Maroa and Inambao, 2021). Zeolites, as porous aluminosilicate materials with three-dimensional crystalline structures, have considerable potential as supports for heterogeneous catalysts due to their high specific surface area, excellent thermal stability, uniform pore structures, and the presence of strong active sites (Seejandee et al., 2024). Modification of zeolites with alkali metal oxides or alkaline earth metal oxides can increase the number and strength of basic sites required for the transesterification reaction. However, the development of basic zeolite catalysts still faces challenges, including limited catalytic activity, suboptimal long-term stability, and sensitivity to CO₂ and H₂O, which can poison the active sites of the catalyst (Rizwanul Fattah et al., 2020). Therefore, optimization of zeolite synthesis parameters is crucial for producing catalysts with consistent performance and potential for industrial application. Previous studies have explored various zeolite-based catalyst systems with varying results. Szkudlarek (2021) reported that a 10% MgO/ZSM-5 catalyst with a Si/Al ratio of 280 achieved a triglyceride conversion of 92.9% and an FAME yield of 94.6%, demonstrating the important role of the Si/Al ratio in regulating the acidity and basicity of the catalyst surface. A study by Szkudlarek (2024b) on CaO/ZSM-5 with a Si/Al ratio of 50 achieved a conversion of up to 95.2% at a reaction temperature of 220°C, while the CaO/BEA system with a Si/Al ratio of 300 produced an FAME yield of 94.6% (Szkudlarek et al., 2024), further emphasizing the importance of optimizing zeolite structure and composition. Buchori et al. (2020) reported a very high biodiesel yield of 98.299% using analcime zeolite derived from geothermal waste; however, the process required an extremely high reaction temperature of up to 300°C, which is less economically feasible. Although these studies demonstrate the significant potential of zeolites as transesterification catalysts, a research gap remains regarding the systematic understanding of the effects of hydrothermal synthesis parameters, particularly pH and Si/Al ratio, on physicochemical characteristics and catalytic performance. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize and characterize a basic zeolite catalyst by optimizing pH and Si/Al ratio parameters using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Design-Expert software and to evaluate its catalytic performance in the biodiesel transesterification reaction. Characterization will be conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), while biodiesel quality will be evaluated through density and viscosity measurements in accordance with quality standards. The study is expected to produce an active, stable, reusable, and industrially relevant basic zeolite catalyst that can support the sustainable implementation of Indonesia's national biodiesel mandate.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Undergraduate) | ||||||||
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| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP155 Chemical engineering | ||||||||
| Divisions: | Faculty of Engineering > Departement of Chemical Engineering | ||||||||
| Depositing User: | VALDA VALDA DHARMAWAN | ||||||||
| Date Deposited: | 01 Sep 2026 05:13 | ||||||||
| Last Modified: | 01 Sep 2026 06:08 | ||||||||
| URI: | https://repository.upnjatim.ac.id/id/eprint/59126 |
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