Rahman, Nazila Aulya (2026) SINTESIS KALSIUM FOSFAT DARI LIMBAH CANGKANG BEKICOT DENGAN METODE HIDROTERMAL. Undergraduate thesis, UPN Veteran Jawa Timur.
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Abstract
This study aimed to utilize the calcium carbonate content of snail shells as a raw material for the synthesis of calcium phosphate using the hydrothermal method for biomaterial applications. The selection of snail shells was based on their abundant availability in Indonesia, despite their limited utilization. The snail shells were prepared into powder and then calcined at 800 °C for 4 hours to produce calcium oxide (CaO). Subsequently, the CaO was reacted with distilled water to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), which was then reacted with 2 M phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄). The pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 using NaOH. The reaction mixture was processed in an autoclave with hydrothermal treatment times of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 minutes. After the hydrothermal process, the calcium phosphate precipitate was filtered, dried at 100 °C to a constant weight, and sintered at 1000 °C for 5 hours. The synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The XRF analysis showed that the snail shells contained 99.20% CaO. XRD analysis indicated the formation of three calcium phosphate phases, namely calcium hydrogen phosphate (CHP), hydroxyapatite (HAp), and calcium carbonate phosphate hydroxide. The highest hydroxyapatite content was obtained at pH 8 with a hydrothermal treatment time of 25 minutes, reaching 54%, whereas at pH 12 with a hydrothermal treatment time of 75 minutes, the hydroxyapatite purity decreased to 28%. SEM analysis revealed a granular morphology of the synthesized calcium phosphate, with an average particle size of 63 nm at pH 8 and 28 nm at pH 12, indicating a decrease in crystal size with increasing pH. Overall, snail shells demonstrate potential as a raw material for calcium phosphate synthesis via the hydrothermal method. However, the hydroxyapatite content obtained has not yet met the requirements of RSNI3 ISO 13175-3:2012, which specifies a minimum hydroxyapatite content of 95% for use as a bone substitute.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Undergraduate) | ||||||||
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| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP155 Chemical engineering |
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| Divisions: | Faculty of Engineering > Departement of Chemical Engineering | ||||||||
| Depositing User: | Nazila Aulya Rahman | ||||||||
| Date Deposited: | 23 Jul 2026 03:58 | ||||||||
| Last Modified: | 23 Jul 2026 04:13 | ||||||||
| URI: | https://repository.upnjatim.ac.id/id/eprint/57073 |
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