Khansa, Adinda Tiara (2025) Sintesis Biodiesel dari Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Off Grade dengan Katalis CaO Terimpregnasi (NH₄)₂CO₃. Undergraduate thesis, UPN Veteran Jawa Timur.
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Abstract
Biodiesel was synthesized from off-grade crude palm oil (CPO) using calcium oxide (CaO) impregnated with ammonium carbonate ((NH₄)₂CO₃) as a heterogeneous base catalyst. Impregnation with (NH₄)₂CO₃ markedly improved the textural properties of CaO, increasing the specific surface area from 8.242 m²/g for the bare oxide to 96.390 m²/g for the modified catalyst, thereby providing a higher density of accessible active sites for the transesterification reaction. Under the investigated operating conditions, the resulting biodiesel exhibited flash points above 180 °C, acid values of 0.2–0.3 mg KOH/g, and kinematic viscosities between 3 and 7 mm²/s. The maximum biodiesel yield of 89.03% was obtained at a catalyst loading of 2.5 wt% and a reaction time of 3.5 h. The product also showed cetane numbers greater than 65, reflecting excellent ignition quality and favourable combustion characteristics. These results indicate that (NH₄)₂CO₃-impregnated CaO significantly enhances transesterification performance and enables efficient upgrading of low-grade, high-FFA CPO, offering a technically viable and potentially more economical and sustainable route for biodiesel production from off-grade palm oil feedstocks.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Undergraduate) | ||||||||
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| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP155 Chemical engineering | ||||||||
| Divisions: | Faculty of Engineering > Departement of Chemical Engineering | ||||||||
| Depositing User: | Adinda Tiara Khansa | ||||||||
| Date Deposited: | 04 Dec 2025 04:49 | ||||||||
| Last Modified: | 04 Dec 2025 04:49 | ||||||||
| URI: | https://repository.upnjatim.ac.id/id/eprint/47749 |
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